top of page

ืžื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื - ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกื›ื™ื

ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืข"ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ Everyschool ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉื™ืžืชื• ืœื—ื–ืง ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘

ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื. ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ืžื™ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช. ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉ:


ยท ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ยท ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช

ยท ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ืžืฉืคืจืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ยท ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ยท ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื“ืคืก

ยท ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื”

ยท ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช

ยท ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืื•ื ืœื™ื™ืŸ

ยท ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช

ยท ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช

ยท ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืื• ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื

ยท ืžืกื›ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื

ยท ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืกื™ื—ื” ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ

ยท ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื™ื™ื

ยท ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.


ืื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื›ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื• ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.


ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ืœ, ืœื”ืœืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืขื ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื


ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ื” 1 ืขืœ 1 ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืจืื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช (ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื)1,2,3. ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื, ืžืกื›ื™ื ืžืจื•ืงื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืžื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“. ืื ื“ืจืื” ืฉืœื™ืฉืจ, ืžื ืชื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื•ืžืจ: "ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช"5


ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืข"ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืข"ื™ ืžืคืชื—ื™ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ืžืคืชื—ื™ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ โ€“ 80% ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”8. ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•, ืžืฆื ืฉื”ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืœืื” ื‘"ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื•ื”ื•ืช... ืกื ื’ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื™ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ ืชื•ืžืš"9


ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ืžืฉืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื, ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ

ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. 3,10 ื’ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœ ืžื•ื“ื”, "ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” (eLearning) ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ"7 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืขืฆื ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ื›ื™ืชื” "ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ืช" 11 ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ 1 ืขืœ 1 ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.2 ืžืฉื ืช 2000 ืขื“ 2012, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ืจื“ื•12 ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื ื”ืจืืชื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื”, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืข.


ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ื‘ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›"ื”ืคืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™," ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช "ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช (ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื) ื•ืื– ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืชื›ื ืกืช (ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™)"14. ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”, ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื’ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ื•') ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. 14 ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืžืกื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื ื ื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.15 ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืช ืžืกืš ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืจืžื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.16 ื’ื ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ืงื•ืช ื›ื›ืืœื” ืืฉืจ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. 15 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคื— ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื•ื”ืชื” ืข"ื™ 1,500 ืžื ื›"ืœื™ื17 โ€“ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฉืขืžื•ื, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”.14,18 ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™, ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื (ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื), ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืงื™ื, ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช. 18


ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื

ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื ืงืจื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื“ืคื•ืก ื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™. 19 ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืกืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœื” ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืงื•ืจืื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืกืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื•ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.20 ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื ื™ื™ืจ, ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกืคืงืช. 21 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืžืกืš ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ "ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ" ืžืืฉืจ "ืœื“ืขืช", ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžื•ื“ืคืก ืœืจื•ื‘ "ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื" ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” (ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื”).21 ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื (hyperlinks) ื‘ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ืจืื” ืžื•ืฉืš, ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื” ืžืกื™ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช, ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืงืฉื‘ ื•ืžืงื“ื ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืงื•ื˜ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.20 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžื”ืžืกืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ืคื™ 3 ืœื”ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ืื”.22


ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื”

ืžืงืœื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืจืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ. 23 ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืงืœื“ื”. ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข. 24, 25 ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ืงืœื“ื”, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. 23 ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” "ืžืขืจื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื—."26


ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื " ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘" ื›ืžื• ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืคื ืื™, ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ืขืฆื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืกืš โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื–ื™ืงื”. ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช.27 ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.28 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื’ื•ื–ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืžื—ื–ืง ื›ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื. 28 ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืžืกืš, ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช. 29. ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ืฉืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืชืžื›ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช.29


ื’ืžื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืžืจืื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช.30 ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช,31 ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื”ืขืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื•ืงืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื—.32,33. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจืื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื. 34. ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ื™ื. 30,35. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื—ืงืจ, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืื™ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข. 30 ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืžืจ ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืคื ืื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืชื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื˜ื™ืคื”" ื•"ืœื•ืœืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช,"36 ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื™ืชืจ.


ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช

ืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื, ื•ืžืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. 37 ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ืช ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”. ืื•ืœื, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”.38 ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ (ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืžื•ื, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ) ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืชื‘ื’ืจื•.39


ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช

ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืกืš, ื›ืš ื ืคื’ืขืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.16 ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกืš (ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืงืจื™ืื”) ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื™ื™ื. 40 "ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืกืš ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกืš ืžืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ".41

ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื” (ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื™ืชืจ). ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื” ืื• ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืžื™16,41,29. ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช:

ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”42

ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ41,16

ื—ืจื“ื”16

ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช15

ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื16

ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกืงืจื ื•ืช16

ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื•ื’ืข16

ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื›ื—ื ื•ืช16

ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช16

ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืคืชื™ื”43

ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฉื‘16

ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช16

ื”ืฉืžื ื”15,44


ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื”44

ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืื•ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉืœื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.15,41

ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื›ื™ื

ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืชื ืกื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื—ืง, ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื’ืŸ.15 ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื "ื™ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ" ืื ืœื ื™ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื›ืš.15 ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืžืฉื—ืง ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.15 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืงื™ื.45 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.47

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, "ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™."47


ืžืกื›ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื”

ืžืกื›ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื•ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืคื” ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.21 ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ืคืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.21 ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื’ืคื”, ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืชืœื•ืœื” ื”ื—ืœ ืž โ€“ 2007 ืฉื ืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ.48 ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื โ€“ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืžืขืช, ื’ืœืื•ืงื•ืžื” ื•ืงื˜ืจืงื˜.48 ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืชืื•ืจืช ืคืœื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืคื™ 10. 48. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ 7 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžืฉืœืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ืฆืจ ืจืื™ื™ื”.49 ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื•ื โ€“ ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ืฆืจ ืจืื™ื™ื”.50


ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืกื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื

ื”ืจืฉืืช ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืงืฉื‘ ื•ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื›ื™ืชื” ืขื ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืœื ืกืžืื˜ืจืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”.51 ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงืฉื‘, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืกื—ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช, ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื•ืง.51 ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงืฉื‘, ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช (ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ื˜ืกืงื™ื ื’) ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื.52,53 ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกืžืื˜ืจืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื•ืฉื˜ื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.54


ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช

ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื ืื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืกืš ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.9 ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.55 ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืžืช ืžื•ืกื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืจืง 3% ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื.55 ื”ืกืจืช ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืกื™ื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ โ€“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื (ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช) ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.56 ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืš ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื›ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.


ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ื .57,58. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื•ืœื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื•ืจื”.59 ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, "ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื›ืœื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืขื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื."57,60 ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื”, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืืš ืœื ืชืžื™ื“.61 ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื•.


ื ืกืงืจ ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™ ืื™ื™ืžื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœื™ืช' ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœื• Written and compiled by Amy Tyson and Blythe Winslow


ืชื•ืจื’ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืข"ื™ ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ


ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”

1. Hattie, J. (2009) Visible Learning A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement.New York, NY: Routledge

2. Visible Learning. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://reader.mediawiremobile.com/Corwin/issues/204141/viewer?page=5

3. Mourshed, M., Krawitz, M., & Dorn, E. (2017) How to improve student educational outcomes: Newinsights from data analytics. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/social%20sector/our%20insights/how%20to%20improve%20student%20educational%20outcomes/how-to-improve-student-educational-outcomes-new-insights-from-data-analytics.ashx

4. Ruder, D. (2019, June 19). Screen time and the brain. Harvard Medical School. Retrieved from https://hms.harvard.edu/news/screen-time-brain

5. Ripley, A. (2010). Brilliance in a box. Slate. Retrieved from https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/10/what-do-the-best-classrooms-in-the-world-look-like.html

6. Miles, M. (2018, February 6) Tech companies are buying their own education research. Thatโ€™s a problem. Education Week. Retrieved from https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2018/02/07/techcompanies-are-buying-their-own-education.html

7. Gabriel, T., & Richtel, M. (2011, October 8). Inflating the software report card. The New York Times.Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/09/technology/a-classroom-software-boom-butmixed-results-despite-the-hype.html

8. Barshay, J. (2019, March 18). The dark side of education research: Widespread bias. The Hechinger Report. Retrieved from https://hechingerreport.org/the-dark-side-of-education-researchwidespread-bias/

9. Morris, B. & Hobbs, T. (2019, September 3). Schools pushed for tech in every classroom. Now Parents are pushing back. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-aschool-district-where-technology-rules-grades-fall-parents-ask-why-11567523719

10. Barshay, J. (2019, June 10). Research shows lower test scores for fourth graders who use tablets in schools. The Hechinger Report. Retrieved from https://hechingerreport.org/research-shows-lowertest-scores-for-fourth-graders-who-use-tablets-in-schools/

11. Carter, S., Greenberg, K., & Walker, M. (2016, May 1). The impact of computer usage on academic performance: Evidence from a randomized trial at the United States Military Academy. Retrieved from http://seii.mit.edu/research/study/the-impact-of-computer-usage-on-academic-performance-evidencefrom-a-randomized-trial-at-the-united-states-military-academy/

12. OECD (2015). Students, Computers and Learning: Making the Connection. PISA, OECD Publishing,Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239555-en

13. Wilson, E. (2019, April 24). Ed-Tech utopia is over. Education Next. Retrieved from https://www.educationnext.org/ed-tech-utopia-is-over-personalized-learning/

14. Bronson, P., & Merryman, A. (2010, July 10). The creativity crisis. Newsweek. Retrieved from https://www.newsweek.com/creativity-crisis-74665

15. Linn, S., Almon, J., & Levin, D. (2012, October 1). Facing the screen dilemma: Young children,technology and early education. Retrieved from https://commercialfreechildhood.org/sites/default/files/facingthescreendilemma.pdf

16. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2018, October 18). Associations between screen time and lowerpsychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 12, 271-283. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003 www.everyschool.org

17. Batey, M. (2011, February 7). Is creativity the number 1 skill for the 21st century? Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/working-creativity/201102/is-creativity-thenumber-1-skill-the-21st-century

18. Britannica Editors. (2010, October 18). The decline of creativity in the United States: 5 questions for educational psychologist Kyung Hee Kim. Retrieved from http://blogs.britannica.com/2010/10/thedecline-of-creativity-in-the-united-states-5-questions-for-educational-psychologist-kyung-hee-kim

19. Mangen, A., Walgermo, B., & Bronnick, K. (2013, January 5). Reading Linear Texts on Paper Versus Computer Screen: Effects on Reading Comprehension. International Journal of Educational Research, 58, 61-68. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883035512001127?via%3Dihub

20. Liu, Z. (2005). Reading behavior in the digital environment. Journal o Documentation, 61(6),

21. 700-712. doi: 10.1108/00220410510632040

22. 21Jabr, F. (2013). The reading brain in the digital age: The science of paper versus screens. Scientific

23. American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/reading-paper-screens/

24. 22 Abrams, D. (2013). As kidsโ€™ on-screen reading overtakes print, outcome is worrisome. Retrieved

25. from https://publishingperspectives.com/2013/05/as-kids-on-screen-reading-overtakes-print-outcomeis-worrisome/

26. 23 Mueller, P. A., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2014, April 23). The pen is mightier than the

27. keyboard. Psychological Science, 25(6), 1159-1168. doi: 10.1177/0956797614524581

28. 24 Bach, D. (2014, December 23). UW Prof: Handwriting engages the mind. Retrieved from https://

29. www.washington.edu/news/blog/uw-prof-handwriting-engages-the-mind/

30. 25 Berninger, V. W., Abbott, R. D., Jones, J., Wolf, B. J., Gould, L., Anderson-Youngstrom, M.,

31. Shimada, S., & Apel, K. (2006) Early development of language by hand: Composing, reading,

32. listening, and speaking connections; Three letter-writing modes; and fast mapping in

33. spelling. Developmental Neuropsychology, 29(1), 61-92. doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2901_5

34. 26 Bach, D. (2014, December 23). UW Prof: Handwriting engages the mind. Retrieved from https://

35. www.washington.edu/news/blog/uw-prof-handwriting-engages-the-mind/

36. 27 Dunckley, V. (2014, February 27). Gray matters: Too much screen time damages the brain.

37. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-wealth/201402/

38. gray-matters-too-much-screen-time-damages-the-brain

39. 28 Waterman, M. (2018, April 2). Digital tech & kids- Neuroplasticity may be the least of our worries.

40. Hackernoon. Retrieved from https://hackernoon.com/digital-tech-kids-neuroplasticity-may-be-theleast-of-our-worries-945f734e43d5

41. 29 Page, A., Cooper, A., Griew, P., & Jago, R. (2010, October 11). Childrenโ€™s screen viewing is related

42. to psychological difficulties irrespective of physical activity. Pediatrics, 126(5), e1011-1017. doi:

43. 10.1542/peds.2010-1154

44. 30 Dichev, C. & Dicheva, D. (2017, February 20). Gamifying education: what is known, what is

45. believed and what remains uncertain: a critical review. Technology in Higher Education. https://

46. doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0042-5

47. 31 Dominguez, A., Saenz-de-Navarrete, J., de-Marcos, L., Fernandez-Sanz, L., Pages, C., MartinezHarraiz, J. (2013). Gamifying learning experiences: Practical implications and outcomes. Computers

48. & Education, 63, 380-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.12.020

49. www.everyschool.org

50. 32 Snow, E., Allen, L., Jackson, G., & McNamara, D. (2015). Spendency: studentsโ€™ propensity to use

51. system currency. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 25(3), 407-427. doi:

52. 10.1007/s40593-015-0044-1

53. 33 Toda, A., Valle, P., & Isotani, S. (2018). The dark side of gamification: An overview of negative

54. effects of gamification in education. Higher Education for All. From Challenges to Novel TechnologyEnhanced Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

55. 326876949_The_Dark_Side_of_Gamification_An_Overview_of_Negative_Effects_of_Gamification_in_E

56. ducation

57. 34 Hanus, M. & Fox, J. (2015). Assessing the effects of gamification in the classroom: A longitudinal

58. study on intrinsic motivation, social comparison, satisfaction, effort, and academic performance.

59. Computers & Education, 80, 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.08.019

60. 35 Broer, J. (2014). Gamification and the trough of disillusionment. Mensch & Computer

61. Workshopband. doi: 10.1524/9783110344509.389

62. 36 Brooks, D. (2017, November 20). How Evil is Tech? The New York Times. Retrieved from https://

63. www.nytimes.com/by/david-brooks

64. 37 Lieber, C. (2018, August 8). Tech companies use โ€œpersuasive designโ€ to get us hooked.

65. Psychologists say itโ€™s unethical. Vox. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2018/8/8/17664580/

66. persuasive-technology-psychology

67. 38 Richtel, M. (2011, September 3). Technology in schools faces questions on value. New York Times.

68. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/04/technology/technology-in-schools-facesquestions-on-value.html

69. 39 Carr, Nicholas. (2011). The Shallows. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

70. 40 Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive

71. symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links

72. to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3-17. doi:

73. 10.1177/2167702617723376

74. 41 Twenge, J. M. (2017, September). Have smartphones destroyed a generation? The Atlantic.

75. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphonedestroyed-a-generation/534198/

76. 42 Hysing, M., Pallesen, S., Stormark, K., Jakobsen, R., Lundervold, A., & Sivertsen, B. (2014,

77. December 2). Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: results from a large populationbased study. BMJ Open(5)1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006748

78. 43 Empathy: College students donโ€™t have as much as they used to. (2010, May 27). Retrieved from

79. https://news.umich.edu/empathy-college-students-don-t-have-as-much-as-they-used-to/

80. 44 Holland, K. (2018, March 7). Too much technology: Children growing up with weak hands, fingers.

81. Healthline. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health-news/too-much-technology-childrenwith-weak-hands

82. 45 Lillard, A. & Peterson, J. (2011, May 31). The immediate impact of different types of television on

83. young childrenโ€™s executive function. Pediatrics(128)4, 644-649. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1919

84. 46 Webster, E., Martin, C., & Staiano, A. (2018). Fundamental motor skills, screen-time, and physical

85. activity in preschoolers. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8, 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/

86. j.jshs.2018.11.006

87. www.everyschool.org

88. 47Alliance for Childhood. (2004) Tech tonic: Towards a new literacy of technology [PDF file]. College

89. Park, MD: Alliance for Childhood. Retrieved from http://drupal6.allianceforchildhood.org/sites/

90. allianceforchildhood.org/files/file/pdf/projects/computers/pdf_files/tech_tonic.pdf

91. 48 Michaud, L. (2019, February 13) Too much screen time linked to an epidemic of myopia among

92. young people. Medical Xpress. Retrieved from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-02-screenlinked-epidemic-myopia-young.html

93. 49 CBS News. (2017, December 27). Too much screen time may be damaging childrenโ€™s eyesight.

94. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/digital-devices-screen-time-damaging-childrens-eyesvision/

95. 50 Welch, A. (2015, September 15). Kids who get more sunlight less likely to need glasses. CBS

96. News. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kids-exposed-to-more-sunlight-less-likely-toneed-glasses/

97. 51 Glass, A. & Kang, M. (2019) Dividing attention in the classroom reduces exam performance.

98. Education Psychology, 39(3), 395-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1489046

99. 52 Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009, July 20). Cognitive control in media multitaskers.

100. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(37),

101. 15583-15587. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903620106

102. 53 Bates, S. (2018, October 25). Heavy multitaskers have reduced memory. Stanford News. Retrieved

103. from https://news.stanford.edu/2018/10/25/decade-data-reveals-heavy-multitaskers-reducedmemory-psychologist-says/

104. 54 Beland, L. & Murphy, R. (2015). Ill Communication: Technology, distraction, & student

105. performance. Retrieved from https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1350.pdf

106. 55 Rideout, V. (2015, November 3). The common sense census: Media use by tweens and teens.

107. Retrieved from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/uploads/research/

108. census_researchreport.pdf

109. 56 Schwartz, K. (2013, December 5). Age of distraction: Why its crucial for students to learn to focus.

110. KQED News. Retrieved from https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/32826/age-of-distraction-why-its-crucialfor-students-to-learn-to-focus

111. 57 Edyburn, D. (2006) Assistive technology and mild disabilities. Special Education Technology

112. Practice, 8(4), 18-28. Retrieved from http://www.sbcselpa.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/Edyburn-ATMildDisabilities.pdf

113. 58 Stauter, D., Prehn, J., Peters, M., Jeffries, L., Sylvester, L., Wang, H., & Dionne, C. (2019). Assistive

114. technology for literacy in students with physical disabilities: A systematic review. Journal of Special

115. Education Technology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162643419868259

116. 59 Chebli, S., Lanovaz, M., & Dufour, M. (2019) Comparison of tablet-delivered and instructordelivered teaching on receptive identification in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of

117. Special Education, 34(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162643418781300

118. 60 Ahmed, A. (2018). Perceptions of using assistive technology for students with disabilities in the

119. classroom. International Journal of Special Education, 33(1), 129-139. Retrieved from https://

120. files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1184079.pdf

121. 61 Maor, D., Currie, J., & Drewry, R. (2010). The effectiveness of assistive technologies for children

122. with special needs: a review of research-based studies. European Journal of Special Needs Education,

123. 26(3), 283-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2011.593821


bottom of page